Native beans! Indigenous food update from my garden

These unusually large beans are known commercially as “Fremont Beans,” and are reported to have been re-introduced by the Worden family of central Utah (and Colorado) from 40 beans taken from an ancient ceramic vessel within an ancient dwelling in the 1960s.

This event does not appear to have been documented and I can’t find a primary source for this story.

I purchased these beans last spring at Liberty Heights Fresh which are commercially distributed by 21st Century Bean (also available from Hells Backbone Grill, although my note about this at the end of my post.

I planted some of the beans last spring and cooked the others.

I have been unable to determine the factual history of the bean. The story about rejuvenation from an ancient archaeological context has been told many times for many varieties of corn, beans, melons, etc. It’s a common story but rarely verifiable.

A 1977 study points out that seed viability deteriorates rapidly for domesticated species as they have been selected for high germination rates following planting, generally within a few years of their harvest. Seed viability for domesticated species tends to be measured in decades, not centuries.

This same study recounts several stories of the rejuvenation of ancient native seeds from around the American Southwest, but all with dubious origin stories. More likely is that native agricultural plants have been curated by native peoples, possibly reintroduced into archaeological context through packrats or people leaving offerings. Maybe, who knows.

Regardless of the origin story, the Fremont Beans that I planted appear to be the same variety identified as P22-009, a Runner Bean (Phaseolus coccineus, Fabaceae), curated by Native Seeds/SEARCH seed bank. The identified origin of P22-009 is “Utah.”

I have sent Native Seeds/SEARCH  request for more information about the origin of P22-009.

I will be posting more of my pondering and experiences with this bean. #beangeek

The Four Corner’s potato

Alastair Lee Bitsóí, Diné, holds a harvest of Four Corners Potatoes in a Diné Basket at his farm in the Navajo Nation. Photo Credit: Alastair Bitsóí

Local Indigenous foods: the Four Corner’s potato (Solanum jamesii).

Most of the world’s potatoes are descendants of a single South American native potato species, Solanum tuberosum, but Utah’s native potato is a different species.

Within the last 100-150 years, the Four Corner’s potato has largely been forgotten with few people (Indigenous and Non-Indigenous) recalling its abundance and importance.

That has changed within the last few years; the Four Corner’s potato is being revived as a native food.

Researchers from the University of Utah, primarily headed by Lisbeth Louderback, identified potato starch residue preserved on 10,000-year-old artifacts in the Escalante region of Utah.

That discovery prompted researchers to look for, and find, patches of wild Four Corner’s potato growing near the archaeolgocial site.

The Four Corners potato plant grows well in the high desert of New Mexico and it grows much more sparsely in Utah, often near archaeological sites; this, along with reduced genetic diversity measured within the Utah potato population, suggest that potatoes were brought to the Escalante region by ancient people- likely from what is now New Mexico.

In modern times, Indigenous farmers and researchers have been sharing their experiences with growing, harvesting, and preparing the native potato.

Cynthia Wilson and Alastair Lee Bitsóí, both Diné, have publicly discussed their revival work of the Four Corner’s potato.

Alastair is relearning how to grow the plant on his farm and he continues the practice of redistribution.

Cynthia has talked about her ancestors’ methods to prepare the food, including boiling the potato with bentonite clay- a traditional Diné method to reduce bitterness.

Researchers have called the Four Corner’s potato the “fourth sister” or “lost sister” as an indication of its importance as a native food. This is of course a reference to the three sisters- corn, beans, and squash.

Collaboration on the Four Corner’s potato continues.

External Links and Sources:

• Earliest Use of Wild Potato
• Ancient Trade Routes
• Indigenous Journalism
• Ancient Potato in a Changing Climate
• Repatriating the Four Corners Potato

The old Diamond Lil's Steakhouse

Diamond Lil's, April 2005. Note "Home Maid"

An old photo of Diamond Lil's. A steakhouse at 1528 W. North Temple. It was destroyed by fire in 2021. I took this photo in 2015.

Here is a short history excerpted from a 2009 Intermountain Catholic article:

In November 1969, Jim Pietramali and Garth Campbell opened Diamond Lil’s doors for business at 1528 West North Temple. The original building was a modest home, which was remodeled using old barn lumber and logs from pioneer cabins, some of which are 100 to 150 years old.

The seating capacity was 32 people in about 1,000 square feet. Today [2009] the seating capacity is 500. The original kitchen was about the size of a large walk-in closet.

Today [2009] Diamond Lil’s is owned by Pete Funaro. He started working at Diamond Lil’s in 1970 for his uncle, Jim Pietramali. Pietramali, 87, still works for Diamond Lil’s.

“A lot of customers kept coming back and we became the premier steak house in Salt Lake City,” said Funaro. “We are an independent Utah’s own company. The seating allows for parties that can seat as many as 275 people at one time.

In 1973, they started adding on to Diamond Lil’s. They used only logs from Utah cabins.

Funaro also has his own wholesale pasta business, Funaro’s Perfect Pasta. Diamond Lil’s serves Funaro’s pasta. All of his pasta was used during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.

Urban Calm by Peter Wiarda

Framed print of a photograph from Peter Wiarda’s new book “Urban Calm.”

This is my favorite photograph from Peter Wiarda’s new book “Urban Calm.” This is photo is the view from Walker Center Parking at 160 S. Regent St. (2020). It looks south on Main Street, towards 300 South.

In this image I see an abstract view of modern archaeology of Salt Lake City’s built environment (and the real archaeology that is also subsurface).

The oldest building in this image is the Karrick Block, built in 1887. Surprisingly, the oldest building is also the most colorful (red) building in the photograph, which reminds me that the historic black and white photographs that preserve the past do not portray a fully perfect image of the past.

The Karrick Block has an interesting preservation story, which I will need to post about separately.

Also in this photograph are:

• The Lollin Block, 1894
• Clift Building, 1919
• American Towers, 1982
• One Utah Center, 1991
• 222 S Main building, 2009
• Federal Courthouse (Orrin G. Hatch/the Borg Cube), 2014

Peter Wiarda's print with my identification of buildings

Notably, there is 5-decade gap of buildings in this image. Part of that is simply that buildings of this age are not in view. But the other part is that downtown SLC had a lull in construction during the Great Depression, WWII, and the post-WWII suburban build-up. There are notable exceptions (e.g. mid-century modern Ken Garff Building 1955, LDS Church Office Building 1973), but in general this image portrays an accurate pattern of downtown SLC’s history.

The American Towers building is also an interesting component, Built in 1982, it represents an effort to draw individuals back to living in downtown. But interestingly, American Towers was initially an adult only living arrangement- so not an effort to bring families with children to downtown.

So, beyond the visual beauty of the photograph I also see a full historical spectrum of SLC.

Peter Wiarda has many other fantastic photos of SLC in his Urban Calm book.

And SLUG magazine has a nice article about Peter’s project. 

Be sure to check out his website where you can order your own copy of the book. www.peterwiarda.com

The Skeleton in Grandpa's Barn

In 1923, a few schoolgirls found a box of human bones in the barn of the Lund family at 127 W. North Temple, Salt Lake City. The box of bones was an open secret known by many of the kids in the neighborhood.

Herbert Z. Lund Jr. recounts the story of these skeletal remains in a Utah Historical Quarterly article titled “The Skeleton in Grandpa’s Barn” (UHQ V35 N1 in 1967).

Herbert Jr. states that his father, Dr. Herbert Z. Lund Sr., was a physician at the Utah State Penitentiary (at what is now Sugar House Park) and acquired the body of J. J. Morris. Morris was executed in 1912 by hanging for murder; and, in accordance with common practice his body was donated for medical purposes.

Dr. Lund intended the body to become a teaching skeletal specimen. After the anatomical dissection was completed, Dr. Lund reduced the body to a skeleton. Part of the process to create a skeletal specimen is maceration so Dr. Lund and his friend William Willis (a druggist by profession) took the remains to an open area near Beck’s Hot Springs and boiled the remains in sulfur water and lime. The final process of bleaching the bones was never completed and the bones retained a rancid odor.

Dr. Lund placed the bones in a wooden box and stored them in the unused hayloft of his father’s barn, Anthon H. Lund’s house at 127 W. North Temple (now demolished).

Dr. Lund’s children (Anthon’s grandchildren) were aware of the skeletal remains and often found ways around the locked entry to view the bones. Even the grandchildren of the adjacent neighbor, LDS apostle Matthias F. Cowley, knew of the bones. So it is not surprising that other kids got into the barn to sneak a peak at the bones of a convicted murderer.

Around 1925, Dr. Lund’s mother, Sarah, demanded that the bones be buried to keep curious people away. Dr. Lund’s son, Herbert Jr, buried the remains behind the old barn. He and his grandmother Sarah had a little graveside service where Sarah read excerpts from the LDS publication “The Improvement Era” and placed the old magazines in the grave with the skeletal remains.

The gravesite was dug behind the barn. Sanborn maps show that this barn was demolished around 1950-1951. In the 1967 article, Herbert Jr. stated that the area of the grave was still open land but that development was happening all around.

Herbert Jr. drew a map of where he believed the gravesite to be. This location is now in an expanded parking lot of the old Travelodge Motel at 144 W. North Temple. It is unknown if construction has impacted the grave or if it is still intact below the asphalt parking lot.

One complication of this story is that there is a burial record for J.J. Morris in the Salt Lake City Cemetery, which contradicts the identity of the skeletal remains as being J.J. Morris. 

However, both the Lund family history and several 1920s newspaper articles (including an interview with Dr. Lund, himself) indicate that the skeleton in Grandpa’s barn is J.J. Morris.

The burial record for J.J. Morris indicates that he is buried along with 14 other prisoners whose remains were originally interred at the old Utah State Penitentiary, which is now Sugar House Park. These remains were disinterred from the Sugar House location in 1957 when the park was built. The remains were reinterred in a small prison cemetery at the Point of the Mountain Prison in Draper. In 1987, the remains were disinterred again and reinterred at the Salt Lake City Cemetery- with several remains (identified as cremains) interred in a single grave.

So if the cemetery record is to be believed (and with all those disinterment’s it is possible that records may have been compromised) then the remains buried behind the Grandpa’s barn are not those of J.J. Morris.

Utah executed several prisoners around the same time as J.J. Morris. It is possible that the identity of the skeleton in Grandpa’s barn is actually that of another prisoner whose remains were also donated to medical science around the same time. Potential candidates for this option include Harry Thorne executed Sept 26 1912 or Frank Romeo executed Feb 20 1913.

Utah Executions 1912-1913

• J.J. Morris, April 30 1912
• Jules C. E. Szirmay (Jules Zirmay), May 22 1912, Buried in Salt Lake City Cemetery
• Harry Thorne, Sept 26 1912, Body donated to medical science
• Thomas Riley, Oct 24 1912, Burred in Bluffdale City Cemetery
• Frank Romeo, Feb 20 1913, Body donated to medical science

Sources:

• “The Skeleton in Grandpa’s Barn” UHQ V35 N1,1967
• Ghosts of West Temple, Salt Lake County Archives
• "Ray Lund, Prison Doctor" by H Z (Zack) Lund (nd) from FamilySearch
• Salt Lake Tribune 1923-11-30
• Deseret News 923-11-30
• Ogden Standard Examiner 1923-11-30
• Salt Lake Telegram 1912-05-04
• Salt Lake Telegram 1912-04-30
• The Salt Lake Tribune 1980-06-19
• Various cemetery records from ancestry, names in stone, and find-a-grave

The Hancock Mansion is said to be haunted by Hollister Hancock

The Hancock Mansion at 444 S 700 East in SLC is said to be haunted by the ghost of Ms. Hollister Hancock. 

The Hancock Mansion at 444 South 700 East, Salt Lake City. January 2023.

Built in 1890 for SLC businessman Thomas F. Mulloy, the house is often referred to as the Mulloy House by historians but it was the Hancock family that occupied the house for decades and the owners of the building call it the Hancock Mansion.

The mansion was purchased in 1901 by Col. William M. Ferry Jr, who owned several silver mines in the Park City area; he gifted the house to his daughters, Kate Hancock and Mary Allen. 

Kate Hancock lived in the house with her husband George, daughter Mary “Hollister” and son John. Two of Kate’s other children had died in the two years prior, the loss of which was devastating to the family. The gift of a new home was likely an attempt to cope and adjust to their new reality.

Side note: Mary Ferry Allen’s son, W. Montague Allen designed the Daughters of the ill-fated American Revolution fountain gifted to Salt Lake City that is now a decoration at Liberty Park.

 Second side note: Col William Ferry is also known for gifting 22 acres of land for Westminster College. A stipulation of his gift and the construction of Ferry Hall, the women’s dormitory, that the management of the women’s building be handled by a board of women. The original board included Col William Ferry’s wife, Jeanette, and their daughter (Hollister’s mother) Kate Hancock.  Hollister Hancock also served on the board for 57 years.  Ferry Hall was demolished in 1987.

In the early 1900s, the Hancock family often hosted parties and weddings at their home, which was often decorated with roses and ferns. Hollister was a socialite who attended prestigious finishing schools in the East; and, in 1903 she attended a reception at the White House hosted by the First Lady, Edith Roosevelt. 

Hollister Hancock inherited the house after her mother’s death in 1940. Hollister lived in the house for 75 years, until her death in 1976. She was an active club woman and was devoted to her service with the Women’s Board of Westminster College.

Hollister was said to have a prickly personality; my guess is that due to her extensive society and etiquette training, her disapproval of changing cultural norms were likely expressed quite often.

Ms. Hollister "Holl" Hancock in 1956 having tea with the Westminster Mothers. 
Image from USHS.

The Hancock Mansion, ca 1970s. From USHS.

In 1977, the house was leased and restored by Pam March, who established her floral business, Every Blooming Thing.  Pam reported that items were rearranged overnight, doors were locked from the inside, and once an individual fell through the ceiling from the attic during repairs and landed in the bathroom below (he was not injured) and a card fell with him that read “Merry Christmas from Hollister Hancock.”  

Pam reported seeing the ghost of Hollister during Christmas season who told her that “Hollister Hancock is pleased with what you have done with the house and her spirit is with you.”  Perhaps a reference to flowers once again filling the old mansion (?). Pam called “Holl” her guardian angel.

Ghost hunters and psychics have investigated the house. Little children can be heard talking and laughing upstairs.  A tall, thin man who is somehow connected the Civil War also stands in front of an upstairs bedroom, likely a reference to Col William Ferry who was an officer in the 14th Michigan Infantry of the Civil War.

The Hancock Mansion at 444 S 700 East is located in the Central City Historic District and is the last of the historic buildings on the block. 

The adjacent buildings such as Fendall’s Ice Cream/Big Daddy Pizza, the old Modern Display and McArthur buildings were demolished in 2023, leaving the historic Hancock Mansion a stalwart outlier to the surrounding demolition and development.

The Hancock Mansion after some adjacent structures were demolished, Aug 2024.

Sources:

• Salt Lake Community College Student Newspapers 1993-10-27 Page 6
• The Salt Lake Tribune May 3 1970 p87
• The Daily Utah Chronicle 1903-01-27 p7
• The Salt Lake Tribune 1901-12-21 p3
• The Salt Lake Tribune 1977-04-04 p15
• Deseret News 2010-03-17
• Specters in Doorways by Linda Dunning 2003

The Old Mill in Cottonwood Heights is often reported as haunted

The Old Mill, aka Granite Paper Mill, at the mouth of Big Cottonwood Canyon

The Old Mill in Cottonwood Heights is often reported as haunted. People report shadowy figures, cold spots, odd lights, sounds of footprints, and voices. Several stories involve people and dogs who have died in fires, suicides, and curses.

These spooky stories are difficult to tie directly to its history. Located at the mouth of Big Cottonwood Canyon, it was built in 1883 by the Deseret News to make paper for the newspaper.

The 3-story structure is built of granite from the same quarry as the Salt Lake City LDS Temple. It contains a basement and a prominent 100-foot elevator tower.

At the time of its operation, the main floor housed a machine room, engine room, rotary boiler, and cutting room. The upper story of the building was used for sorting material (mostly straw and rags) and the basement contained drainers and agitators. Power to the mill came from water forced into three separate power wheels through a 50-inch floodgate.

Image from USHS

 

Image from USHS.

A massive fire broke out in 1893 and gutted the entire building causing major damage to the roof structure and the papermaking machinery. A stockpile of paper also went up in flames. Insurance only covered a fraction of the loss, which, combined with the economical efficiencies of wood-pulp paper industry resulted in the abandonment of the mill.

In 1927, it was converted to a resort clubhouse; a portion of the building was repaired with a new roof and the south wing remaining uncovered. The Old Mill Club was originally advertised as a prestigious destination with horseback riding through Big Cottonwood Canyon, nightly dancing (except Sunday), trapshooting at its gun club, and plans for an 18-hole golf course to be designed by famed golf course architect, William H. Tucker. Other future plans included banquet and dining rooms to be run by a chef of “interesting fame,” swimming pool, and a toboggan slide.

As an aside – some of the names given to the 18 horses of the riding club are reminiscent of the roaring 20s.

• Smokey
• Kernal
• Buster
• Sox
• Moonshine
• Budweiser
• Blaze
• Snip
• Red Bird
• Dan Patch
• Shorty
• Smiler
• King Tut
• Zane Grey
• Queen Ann
• Cleopatra
• White Cloud
• Arabian

The Old Mill Club was intended to rival Salt Lake City’s Country Club and provide restful relaxation and complete privacy to its members. It also hosted theme events such as “Chocolate Night” and “Tabernacle Choir Night” and “Halloween Night.”

The Old Mill, ca 1930, when it was a dance hall, Big Cottonwood Canyon. Image from USHS.

 

Dancing at the Old Mill. Image from USHS.

 

Advertisements from the Old Mill Club
Left: The Salt Lake Tribune 1930-10-27 p11
Right: The Bingham Bulletin 1927-08-04 p5

 

Interior of the Old Mill, 1967. From HABS No U-39, NPS.

 
John Basil Walker operated the Old Mill Club from 1927 to 1942. He also owned Walker Sand and Gravel which operated the gravel pit adjacent to the Old Mill at 6950 Wasatch Boulevard.

The Old Mill Club closed during WWII, but the property remained in the Walker family for several more decades. The building had many phases of being empty and being used as an entertainment venue, including being utilized as a haunted house in the 1970s-1990s. The building was condemned by Cottonwood Heights City in 2005.

It has also appeared in several movies including “SLC Punk,” “Team Alien/The Varrow Mission,” “Halloween: The Curse of Michael Meyers,” “Hereditary,” “Bleep” and “March of Dimes.”

I have included some scenes from "Team Alien/The Varrow Mission", which can be viewed on YouTube.

 

Scenes from "Team Alien/The Varrow Mission"

The Old Mill in 2012

Sources:

• Granite Paper Mill HABS No U-39, National Park Service
• Davis County Clipper 1893-04-06
• Deseret News 1884-10-15 p7
• Deseret News 1893-04-01 p2
• Salt Lake Tribune 1927-07-21 p9
• The Bingham Bulletin 1927-09-15 p5
• The Bingham Bulletin 1927-11-23 p7
• Salt Lake Tribune 1927-09-23 p9
• Salt Lake Tribune 1927-08-26 p17
• Deseret News 1927-12-09 p14
• Salt Lake Tribune 1973-10-28 p66
• A Directory of the Mining Industry of Utah 1965. University of Utah Bulletin 79