Phillips Congregational Church Demolition Update

Fencing has been put up around the historic Phillips Congregational Church near Trolley Square, 479 S 700 East Salt Lake City. The first sign that demolition is imminent.

As seen on July 3 2025, fencing around the Phillips Congregational Church, SLC.

The Ghosts of Eden Park and Utah's Very Slight Connection

The audiobook I'm listening to right now: 
The Ghosts of Eden Park: The Bootleg King, the Women Who
Pursued Him, and the Murder That Shocked Jazz-Age America

George and Imogene Remus

The Ghosts of Eden Park is about the bootlegger king, George Remus and his wife Imogene. They were big names in the Midwest in the 1920s. 

Of course I found a (slight) Utah connection: Clarence Beard was an associate (or so he says) of George Remus and he was captured in Salt Lake City in 1928, after his escape from a Criminally Insane Hospital in Ohio for the murder of Stephen Zaborskis in Cleveland. He was identified by the new technology of fingerprinting.

Utah closely followed the sensational trial of George Remus.

Charles Beard, an associate of George Remus, was captured in SLC.

Beyond the bootlegging aspect, the women are independent and ambitious. I particularly enjoy Mabel Walker Willebrant, US Assistant Attorney General in the 1920s and prosecuted Remus. She was a professional lawyer who turned down an offer of marriage to keep working and then adopted a child as a single mother.

Master Slave Husband Wife and Slavery in the Utah Territory

The audiobook I'm listening to right now:
Master Slave Husband Wife

For Juneteenth! 

"Master Slave Husband Wife: An Epic Journey from Slavery to Freedom" by Ilyon Woo recounts the amazing story of self emancipation of Ellen and William Craft who flee Georgia in 1848. The book also gives a good background on national political events of the time.

To compare to Utah's history, I find myself referring back to another book, "This Abominable Slavery: Race, Religion, and the Battle over Human Bondage in Antebellum Utah" by W. Paul Reeve, Christopher B. Rich Jr, and LaJean Purcell Carruth.

The Utah territory was a concern to North and South politicians and became a target of "The Twin Relics of Barbarism - Polygamy and Slavery."

Both books are fascinating.

Some thoughts:

In December 1848 Ellen and William Craft self-emancipated (fled slavery) from Georgia by Ellen dressing as a White gentleman (Master) traveling north with a slave (Husband).

At the same time in the Salt Lake Valley, it was the 2nd winter for the Mormon pioneers. LDS policy regarding slavery was ambiguous and territorial documents were neutral on the issue. Yet, by fall 1848, about 55 enslaved individuals lived in the Salt Lake Valley. Although slavery was outlawed in US Territories in 1862, it is unknown if Utah's enslaved people were immediately emancipated. (Refer to This Abominable Slavery for a fascinating detailed discussion).


Excerpt from "This Abominable Slavery" Chapter 3 "Utah's Juneteenth" Emphasis is mine.

On June 13, 1862, John M. Bernhisel, Utah Territory’s delegate to Congress, wrote to Brigham Young to fill him in on legislative happenings in Washington, D.C. Bernhisel informed Young of his ongoing efforts to win statehood for Utah and told him of other political matters then playing out in the nation’s capital. Sandwiched in between an update on Bernhisel’s effort to secure financial compensation for Young’s claims on his “Indian accounts” and information on newly approved U.S. mail routes in Utah, Bernhisel told Young that “Congress has passed a bill abolishing slavery in all the Territories of the United States, and only requires the sanction of the Executive to become a law.” He also let Young know that “[t]he polygamy bill has passed both Houses” of Congress. [Brigham] Young thus learned that within weeks of each other, Republicans in Congress had made good on their 1856 pledge to “prohibit in the territories, those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery.

On June 20 [1862], President Abraham Lincoln signed into law An Act to Secure Freedom to All Persons within the Territories of the United States, and in doing, so he ostensibly freed Utah’s remaining roughly 35 slaves. On July 2, the Church-owned Deseret News reported that fact without elaboration. There was no banner headline or extensive story about what the law’s passage meant to Utah’s enslavers or to those whom they enslaved. There were no instructions that accompanied the news; LDS leaders or government officials did not tell Utah’s enslavers to emancipate their slaves or in any way establish guidelines or expectations. There was no sense of relief or feelings of joy expressed over the legal end of slavery in the territory. In fact, the announcement in the Deseret News would have been easy to miss. It was published on page four, tucked into the middle of a column titled “From Washington,” with no fanfare or commentary whatsoever. Nothing drew the reader’s eye to the column and no sense of adulation accompanied the report. The paper simply informed its readers that the “President approved the bill prohibiting slavery in the Territories.” That was it.

Summer Time is Demolition Time

 Summer is the time for demolitions. Most significantly, the imminent demolition of the historic Phillips Congregational Church near Trolley Square.

Already demolished are the historic Utah Pickle Building and the Christian School.

Thankfully, @artcastleslc saved many sculptures from the Christian School. Be sure to check out some of the large sculptures that are now on the front lawn, 915 W 100 S.

Crystal Palace Market Ghost Sign

The Crystal Palace Market ghost sign appeared briefly at 240 S 1300 E SLC.  I took this photo last night (4/15/2025) and by tonight (4/16/2025) it was covered with plywood.

The Crystal Palace Market ghost sign at 240 South 1300 East Salt Lake City

The building was constructed in 1935 and opened as Sewells United Stores, a grocery chain originating in Nevada and operating in the intermountain west.

The Crystal Palace markets were a competing chain in SLC.

In 1937 Sewells acquired 3 Crystal Palace markets and, along with their 2 other SLC Sewell stores (including this one), merged them under the name Sewells Crystal Palace.

In May 1938, Sewells sold their 5 SLC stores to John Gerendas, a Greek immigrant who had co-established the Success Markets in Helper, Utah.

Gerendas changed the names of all 5 markets to Crystal Palace, with locations at:

• No. 1: 525 E 1700 South
• No. 2: 304 E 100 South
• No. 3: 216 E South Temple
• No. 4: 914 E 900 South
• No. 5: 240 S 1300 East

This location near the University of Utah at 240 S 1300 East was Crystal Palace Market No 5.

Gerendas expanded and eventually owned 9 Crystal Palace markets.

Gerendas became ill and died in 1942. Before his death, he sold most of his stores to his employees. His son, Greg, continued operations of some of the Crystal Palace markets.

Gerendas helped employees Bill Ward and Harold Robinson purchase this location. They put a Robinson & Ward sign in the window but kept the big Crystal Palace sign on the building.

The market served the University of Utah area until 1988. It was the longest serving and last Crystal Palace market to close.

The building was converted into a restaurant space and opened as Pancho Villa U in 1989. It changed hands several times in the 1990s including Hot Rod Hundley’s Sports Family Restaurant, China Star, and Einstein Bros Bagels. It was most recently Coffee & Tonic.

SLC building permit plans indicate the new space will be a restaurant (named Henry Baker?). The renovation project includes an interior remodel, restoration of existing brick, facade renovation, window replacement, addition of a front canopy, small rear addition with steel stairs, and changes to entry walls and landscaping.

The 1876 Explosion at Arsenal Hill

On April 5 1876, a large explosion rocked Salt lake City.

The powder magazines behind the old city wall and containing about 45 tons of explosives (gunpowder, blasting powder, dynamite, Hercules powder, and Giant powder) exploded on Arsenal Hill (now known as Capitol Hill).

Salt Lake City in 1870 showing the locations of the Arsenal and
Powder Magazines in relation to other landmarks.

Salt Lake City in 1862 showing the locations of the Arsenal and
Powder Magazines in relation to other landmarks.

Arsenal Hill was named after the Arsenal Building which was located near the present location of the DUP Pioneer Museum.

It was not the Arsenal building that exploded, it was four magazine buildings located outside of the old city wall on the western edge of City Creek Canyon, approximately where the Capitol Hill Water Tanks are now located (about 100 E Girard Ave (560 N)). Two were built of brick and two were built of rock.

Three sequential blasts hurled large boulders and debris, blowing out windows, damaging buildings, and killing several people.

The Salt Lake Tribune reported in gruesome detail about body parts strewn about near the center of the blast. What could be gathered of the human remains were picked up and taken to City Hall “where many people went to see them.”

Brigham Young’s Empire Mill in City Creek Canyon (aka the “Witches House” in City Creek) was nearly destroyed.

Nearly a thousand windowpanes of the Mormon Tabernacle building were destroyed, complicating the upcoming LDS General Conference meeting.

Some people believed judgement day had come, others thought perhaps an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. And still others thought Fort Douglas had finally decided to attack SLC with cannon fire and drive the Mormons out of the Salt Lake Valley.

The inquest determined that the most likely cause of the explosion was due to target shooting of two teenage boys who were tending to cattle in the area. A burning paper wad shot from a gun ignited loose powder that was strewn around the magazines.

Not everyone was satisfied with this explanation, especially the Salt Lake Tribune. But no other explanation was put forward.


Additional update:

Using modern data processed by ChatGPT (so it could be totally bogus) I attempted to correlate the historic data with modern understandings of blast overpressure. I then overlayed this information on a modern aerial view of Salt Lake City to view in more familiar surroundings.

In order to do this, first the energetics of a gunpowder explosion needed to be converted to a TNT equivalent as that is a more standard measurement in modern times. And from that, the overpressure can be calculated which can then be correlated to modern data about building destruction as assembled by federal agencies such as FEMA, FAA, and the DoD.

In my simplistic mapping and calculations, I did not take into account any terrain features that would change the on-the-ground impacts.

So, with all that in mind.... 

ChatGPT says:

• The explosive power of gunpowder is significantly lower than that of TNT. Gunpowder has an energy density of approximately 3 MJ/kg, while TNT has about 4.184 MJ/kg. This means that gunpowder has about 72% of the explosive power of TNT.
• To estimate the TNT equivalent of 45 tons of gunpowder:
• Convert tons to kilograms: 45 tons = 45,000 kg
• Calculate total energy of gunpowder: 45,000 kg × 3 MJ/kg = 135,000 MJ
• Convert to TNT equivalent:135,000 MJ ÷ 4.184 MJ/kg = ~32,250 kg of TNT and 32,250 kg = 32.25 tons of TNT
• So, the explosion in 1876, if it involved 45 tons of gunpowder, would be roughly equivalent to 32.25 tons of TNT in modern terms.
  
  
• To estimate the overpressure effects of a 32.25-ton TNT explosion and analyze its impact on suburban buildings using FAA and DoD guidelines, we conclude with the following results: A 32.25-ton TNT explosion would devastate a suburban neighborhood within 100-200 meters, cause moderate damage up to 500 meters, and break windows up to a kilometer away.
  
  
• Buildings constructed in the 1870s were vastly different from modern suburban structures in terms of materials, construction techniques, and overall resilience to blast effects. Compared to modern reinforced concrete and steel structures, these buildings were far more vulnerable to blast overpressure.
  
  
• How Blast Effects Translate to 1870s Buildings

Overpressure (psi)	Effect on 1870s Buildings
0.1 - 0.3 psi	Light wooden structures may lose windows and suffer minor wall damage. Masonry buildings may have cracked walls.
0.5 - 1 psi	Most wooden homes collapse or suffer severe roof damage. Masonry buildings experience cracked or partially collapsed walls.
1 - 2 psi	Masonry walls fail, wooden buildings completely destroyed.
2 - 5 psi	Total destruction of all wooden and masonry buildings.
5 - 10 psi	Near-ground-zero obliteration of all structures.

Distance from Blast (m)	Expected Damage (1870s Buildings)
100 m	All wooden and masonry buildings destroyed.
200 m	Wooden buildings flattened, masonry severely damaged or collapsed.
500 m	Wooden buildings badly damaged or destroyed, brick buildings may partially collapse.
1 km	Masonry buildings may suffer cracked walls, wooden buildings lose roofs.
2 km	Minor damage, primarily broken windows.

Final Takeaway (from ChatGPT):  If an explosion of this scale occurred in 1876, it would have wiped out most buildings within at least 200 meters, left few standing at 500 meters, and damaged structures up to a kilometer away. In contrast, modern buildings—especially steel-reinforced ones—would generally survive at greater distances with only repairable damage.

Modern aerial image of Salt Lake City. Rings show the distance from the blast central point at 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 meters.  At the 2000 meter mark (outermost ring), 1870s buildings would have minor damage, primarily broken windows.

Modern aerial image of Salt Lake City. Rings show the distance from the blast central point at 100, 200, 500, and 1000 meters. At the1000 meter mark, 1870s masonry buildings may suffer cracked walls and wooden buildings lose roofs.

Modern aerial image of Salt Lake City. Rings show the distance from the blast central point at 100, 200, and 500 meters. At the 500 meter mark, 1870s wooden buildings would be badly damaged or destroyed, and brick buildings may partially collapse.

 

Blog Update April - July

Massive update to the blog. Here are some of the posts from my Instagram account. @rachels_slc_history

A computer crash, new laptop, data restored from backup, and a RTO mandate.  I've been a bit busy.

However, I need to do better at keeping this updated.

New GE Refrigerators at the Critchlow Apts

This is a fun photo of the Critchlow Apartments at 379 1^st Ave SLC (now known as First Avenue Flats).

General Electric Refrigerators for installation at Critchlow Apartments, Salt Lake City. ca 1929.
Image from USHS.

Detail of above.

It shows the delivery of new General Electric refrigerators, probably in 1929.

Known as “Monitor Top” refrigerators because their top mounted compressors resembled the gun turret of the Civil War ship, USS Monitor.

GE Monitor-Top Refrigerator.
Image from Albany Institute of Art History and Art. 

These were considered the first affordable refrigeration units for the average family, around $300 (about $5,500 in 2025 dollars). Often these refrigerators, and other electric devices, were offered for sale through the electric utility company, in this case, Utah Power and Light.

Disappearing Bed at the Critchlow Apartments

An interior view from 1909 of the Critchlow Apartments, 379 1st Ave SLC.

These images showcase a disappearing bed that can transform into a desk. The apartment boom of the early 1900s spurred the popularity of these beds, many of which were for sale in local Salt Lake City furniture shops.

Other names for a disappearing bed include Murphy bed (a specific patented brand), pull-down/fold-down bed, or hideaway bed.

Disappearing bed at the Critchlow Apartments, 1908. Image from USHS.

Disappearing bed, configured as a desk, at the Critchlow Apartments, 1908. Image from USHS.

Disappearing bed at the Critchlow Apartments, 1908. Image from USHS.

Advertisement for a disappearing bed available at Freed Furniture Store, Salt Lake City.
Image from Salt Lake Herald, June 4 1909.

Newspaper feature praising the benefits of Disappearing Beds.
Image from Salt Lake Tribune, July 12 1908.

The Critchlow was built in 1908 by John Q. Critchlow and designed by architect Charles B. Onderdonk. Built of dark red brick with white stone trim. The interior featured maple floors and colored tile baths and showers.

A building announcement promised soundproof floors with brick walls between apartments, a unique and notable feature at the time.

Both one-bedroom and two-bedroom apartments were available and rented in 1908 at $30 (about $1K in 2025 dollars) and $46 (about $1.5K) a month.

The Critchlow became known by many other names through the years and is now known as First Avenue Flats.

1911 Sanborn Map showing the Critchlow Apts. Corner of 1st Ave and E Street, Salt Lake City.

The Critchlow in 1909 and 2022. Upper image from USHS, lower image from Google Street View.

Utah's First Self-Service Liquor Store on Foothill Boulevard

The old Foothill Utah State Liquor Store at Lamplighter Square at 1615 S Foothill Blvd, Salt Lake City, was Utah’s first self-service liquor store.

Author's photo of the Utah State Liquor Store at 1615 Foothill Blvd, 2021.

The store opened in Feb 1967 and expanded with a front addition in the 1990s. In the photograph above  you can see part of the old-mid century modern design from the original building.

The Foothill store was different from others operating at the time as it operated more like a supermarket: customers were able to browse and select the items they wanted and then check out at a cashier stand (as is common now).

Previously, customers asked for their item and a clerk would obtain it for them behind a counter.

The new style of "self-service" store was an instant success. The Utah Liquor Commission quickly opened a second self-service store in Oct 1967 at the Avenues Plaza shopping center. Soon the Murray and Sandy stores converted to self-service as well.

To save on construction costs, the Utah State Prison carpentry shop built all the shelves, counters, turnstiles, and cashiers’ cages for these new self-service stores.

Interior of the SLC Sugar House Liquor Store in 1958 showing items behind the counter
Image from USHS and colorized by Adobe.

Interior of the SLC Foothill Liquor Store in 1967 showing shelves made by prisoners of the Utah State Penitentiary and open browsing aisles. Image from USHS and colorized by Adobe

Judge Building, Salt Lake City

1909 Postcard of the Judge Building, Salt Lake City.

.
The Judge Building, 8 E 300 S SLC, built in 1907 by Mary Judge and designed by the Judge family architect David C. Dart who also designed the Judge Miner's Home, now part of Judge Memorial High School.

Mary and her husband John made their wealth primarily from the Daly-Judge Mine in the Park City Mining District. John died in 1892 and Mary took over business operations and invested in real estate.

She also contributed the establishment of the Cathedral of the Madeleine, YMCA, and All Hallows College.

Judge Building in 1908. Image from USHS.

Judge Building 1939. Image from USHS

Judge Building 2023

Dr. Nell C. Brown, Hair Physician

In 1902, 30-year-old Nell Young Clauson Brown reinvented herself as “Dr. Nell C. Brown: Hair Physician.”

Advertisement from the Salt Lake Theatre program, 1903. From USHS.

Her husband, Leigh, died a couple years previous, leaving her a widow with 2 children. Leigh had been in ill health for years, and for a time, the family lived in San Francisco and then Idaho Falls before returning to SLC where Leigh died.

Nell was not a destitute or desperate widow. She was a granddaughter of Brigham Young and a daughter of well-connected Hiram B. Clawson (through his 4th wife, Emily Augusta Young). She had affluent family she could entrust the care of her children while she completed coursework in San Francisco.

Perhaps it was while the family lived in San Francisco that Nell met Dr. Edith E. McClean, or perhaps Nell responded to one of the many advertisements recruiting women to take a 3-month course in “alopecia and dermatology using the Dr. W.S. Gottheil method.”

Edith was a character herself. Also reinventing herself after a divorce, she built up a hair restoration business in San Francisco and rebranded herself as Dr. E. E. McClean offering specialized hair and scalp services and a bottled Medicated Hair Tonic of her own concoction.

Dr. Edith E. Corey McClean, of San Francisco.

Nell studied under Dr. Edith and returned to Salt Lake in May 1902 and began her own business to “scientifically treat the hair and scalp” with special attention given to baldness, promising the majority of such cases were curable under the proper treatment.

She also offered manicuring and shampooing. Like Dr. Edith, Nell rebranded herself as Dr. Nell C. Brown. Her offices were in the ornate Templeton Building at 1 S Main St (now Zions Bank Building).

Various clippings advertising Dr. Nell C. Brown

The Templeton Building where Dr. Nell C. Brown had her offices.

In Jan 1904, Nell married John Aski Silver, of the famous Silver Brothers Iron and Foundry Works, and her hair career ended.

However, two of her associates began their own business: Miss Charlotte Lynberg and Miss Carrie Leaker relocated to the Constitution Building.

Nell was widowed again in 1916 and married Morris D. Rosenbaum in 1918. When Nell died in 1937 she had amassed an enormous extended and blended family.

Caption this Photo!

A fun set of railroad photos! Such an iconic stance that it begs a unique caption.

These photo was taken by Harry Shipler, famous SLC commercial photographer who often supplied photographs for newspapers and promotional publications.

On March 28, 1913, officials from the Denver and Rio Grande railroad inspecting the area of Soldier Summit (Wasatch County). At this time there was construction of a detour rail line that ran through Thistle, and perhaps this visit is associated with that.

I was not able to (easily) find out more information about this serries of photographs.

It is fun to see some candid shots from a professional photographer. Especially the last photo!

Photos are from USHS.